The debt relief will be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%. In English, it is either /ɪˈrɑːk/ (the only pronunciation listed in the Oxford English Dictionary and the first one in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary[23]) or /ɪˈræk/ (listed first by MQD), the American Heritage Dictionary,[24] and the Random House Dictionary. [183] Jim Cramer's 20 October 2009 endorsement of the Iraqi dinar on CNBC has further piqued interest in the investment. In Iraq, one of the goals was for education to be universally available for both boys and girls at the primary level. The U.S. Embassy in Baghdad celebrated its national day on Monday afternoon, March 25, marking the 243 rd year of American independence. [255] To put the money loss in perspective, about $1,100 is spent on each student. He announced on 14 August 2014 that he would stand aside so that Haider Al-Abadi, who had been nominated just days earlier by newly installed President Fuad Masum, could take over. [8] Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011. Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region. [citation needed] Boys and girls generally attend separate schools beginning with seventh grade. The Sunni militia Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad became Al-Qaeda in Iraq in October 2004 and targeted Coalition forces as well as civilians, mainly Shia Muslims, further exacerbating ethnic tensions. On August 1990, Iraq invaded oil rich Kuwait, triggering the Gulf War where future President Thomas Whitmore served in. [145][146] The concentration of power in the hands of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and growing pressure on the opposition led to growing concern about the future of political rights in Iraq. [263] In 1936, Iraq Radio was established with an ensemble made up entirely of Jews, with the exception of the percussion player. [citation needed], Education is mandatory only through to the sixth grade, after which a national examination determines the possibility of continuing into the upper grades. The UN High Commission for Refugees has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis fled the country after the multinational invasion of Iraq in 2003, mostly to Syria and Jordan. Because of their late accession, Iraq is the only State Party exempt from the existing timeline for destruction of their chemical weapons. On 12 February 2009, Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the Chemical Weapons Convention. [267], According to the Iraqi Ministry of Communication, Iraq is now in the second phase of building and launching a multipurpose strategic satellite.[268]. [2][3] Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878. Al-Gailani Werr, L., 1988. But in rural areas, only 77% of the population has access to improved drinking water sources compared to 98% in urban areas. Iraq is known primarily for its rich maqam heritage which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. [49] The best estimate for the Middle East is a death rate of roughly one-third. [185], With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275×1010 m3) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of oil reserves. [113] In December 2012, Sunni Arabs protested against the government, whom they claimed marginalised them. The sanctions were lifted in 2003 after the US-led invasion removed Saddam Hussein from power, but development of Iraq's oil resources has been hampered by the ongoing conflict. Edwards, Owen (March 2010). [255] While the out-of-school rate for girls is at about 11%, boys are at less than half of that. Other historians point to soil salination as the culprit in the decline in agriculture. Likewise, British authorities selected Sunni Arab elites from the region for appointments to government and ministry offices. The Iraqi Football Association is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the Iraq national football team and the Iraqi Premier League. He eventually prevailed over the successor of Ishme-Dagan and subjected Assyria and its Anatolian colonies. [180] After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Coalition Provisional Authority quickly began issuing many binding orders privatising Iraq's economy and opening it up to foreign investment. It currently has 3,000 personnel. [134], In September 2017, a referendum was held regarding Kurdish independence in Iraq. In 1958 the country was declared a republic, but it was really ruled by a series of dictators. [164], In 2019, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Michael Mulroy said that the relationship with the Defense Department and the Iraqi Army was among our most compelling strategic interests and that the U.S. currently helps train and equip 28 Iraqi brigades to maintain their readiness. "The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave". [citation needed], According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top-ranking universities in the country are the University of Dohuk (1717th worldwide), the University of Baghdad (3160th) and Babylon University (3946th).[260]. "Iran and Mesopotamia". [123] Tens of thousands of civilians have been killed in Iraq in ISIL-linked violence. [243], As of 2011[update], nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria. Other statistics show that regional differences can attribute to lower or higher enrollment rates for children in primary education. In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and imposed their direct control over Iraq. Iraq has a small coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) along the Persian Gulf. [255] In 2015–2016, the enrollment numbers for girls increased by 400,000 from the previous year where a large number of them were located in Iraq Centre. In the 16th century, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of the Ottoman Empire with the exception of a sixteen year insurrection by the Safavid’s starting in 1622. However, his empire was short-lived, and rapidly collapsed after his death, with both Assyria and southern Iraq, in the form of the Sealand Dynasty, falling back into native Akkadian hands. After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif, who was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in 1968. Africa’s most populated country, Nigeria, also celebrates its Independence Day on October 1. [218] Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of the Arabic script. [70] In 1981, Israeli aircraft bombed an Iraqi nuclear materials testing reactor at Osirak and was widely criticised at the United Nations. The Parthians (247 BC – 224 AD) from Persia conquered the region during the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia (r. 171–138 BC). King Faisal died a year later in 1933 with his son, King Ghazi taking power. [261] This form of art is recognised by UNESCO as "an intangible heritage of humanity". Throughout the year, Iraqis celebrate historical milestones like Army Day (January 6), Baghdad Liberation Day (April 9), Republic Day (July 14), Ceasefire Day or End of Iran-Iraq War (August 8), and Iraqi Independence Day (October 3). The Guardian. 1941 - Britain re-occupies Iraq after pro-Axis coup during Second World War. Declaration of Independence or no Declaration of Independence, the American colonies were a godawful mess. [135] The referendum was regarded as illegal by the federal government in Baghdad. [229] The post-2003 Iraq War have displaced much of the remaining Christian community from their homeland as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of Islamic extremists. [266] Ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia, was home to many sophisticated and highly advanced civilisations, in all fields of knowledge – including the culinary arts. Finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations. [189] Iraq was one of the founding members of OPEC. Several United States senators had also criticised the deal, arguing it was hindering efforts to pass the hydrocarbon law. [207], Although many infrastructure projects are underway, Iraq remains in deep housing crisis, with the war-ravaged country likely to complete only 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, the Minister for Construction and Housing said in September 2013. Demonstrators smashed a door of the checkpoint, set fire to the reception area, left anti-American posters and sprayed anti-American graffiti. [202] BP and China National Petroleum Corporation won a deal to develop Rumaila, the largest Iraqi oil field. A Hashemite monarchy was organized under British protection in 1921, and on October 3, 1932, the kingdom of Iraq was granted independence. [71][72] During the eight-year war with Iran, Saddam Hussein extensively used chemical weapons against Iranians. Furthermore, Kurdish is now an official language of Iraq alongside Arabic according to Article 4 of the constitution. The US presence in Iraq ended in 2011,[11] but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian civil war spilled into the country. Iraq is a country located in the Middle East, bordering Iran and Kuwait. [170], Iran–Iraq relations have flourished since 2005 by the exchange of high level visits: Iraqi PM Nouri al-Maliki made frequent visits to Iran, along with Jalal Talabani visiting numerous times, to help boost bilateral co-operation in all fields. Spanning 437,072 km2 (168,754 sq mi), it is the 58th-largest country in the world. It is from the period of Hammurabi that southern Iraq came to be known as Babylonia, while the north had already coalesced into Assyria hundreds of years before. [95] The Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal came to light, late 2003 in reports by Amnesty International and Associated Press. [196] In 2008, Al Jazeera reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in US care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for. He then set about expanding his empire, conquering Gutium, Elam and had victories that did not result into a full conquest against the Amorites and Eblaites of Ancient Syria. [54], During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a Mamluk dynasty of Georgian[55] origin who succeeded in obtaining autonomy from the Ottoman Porte, suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the Janissaries, restored order and introduced a programme of modernisation of economy and military. In August 1990, Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. Independence, 1932–39 On October 3, 1932, Iraq was admitted to the League of Nations as an independent state. Retrieved 19 June 2011.. Jonathan Steele (7 June 2002). [208], The 2018 estimate of the total Iraqi population is 38,433,600. [227], Christianity in Iraq has its roots from the conception of the Church of the East in the 5th century AD, predating the existence of Islam in the region. The Kassites were driven from power by Assyria and Elam, allowing native south Mesopotamian kings to rule Babylonia for the first time, although often subject to Assyrian or Elamite rulers. [16], An Arabic folk etymology for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; fertile". [137] Anti-American cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's political coalition won Iraq's parliamentary election in May 2018.[138]. The last dictator was Saddam Hussein. Iraq (Arabic: ٱلْعِرَاق‎, al-ʿIrāq; Kurdish: عێراق‎ Êraq), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق‎ Jumhūriīyah al-ʿIrāq; Kurdish: کۆماری عێراق‎ Komarî Êraq), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. [118] By 13 August, however, the Iraqi president had tasked Haider al-Abadi with forming a new government, and the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and some Iraqi politicians expressed their wish for a new leadership in Iraq, for example from Haider al-Abadi. In 1932, Iraq was granted independence from Britain. Although the numbers suggest a dramatic increase of enrollment rates for primary education in total, a large number of children still remain out of the education system. The maqam al-Iraqi is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. David Haugen - 3/31/2003 "Saddam Hussein maintains, as a means of establishing the legitimacy of Iraq, that the country has a 5,000 year history. Most dishes are served with rice – usually Basmati, grown in the marshes of southern Iraq. Further important sites of human advancement were Jarmo (circa 7100 BC),[27] a number of sites belonging to the Halaf culture, and Tell al-'Ubaid, the type site of the Ubaid period (between 6500 BC and 3800 BC). The nomadic population swelled with the influx of bedouins from Najd, in the Arabian Peninsula. In the 26th century BC, Eannatum of Lagash created what was perhaps the first empire in history, though this was short-lived. The Arabs and the Chaldeans are first mentioned in written history (circa 850 BC) in the annals of Shalmaneser III. Christianity began to take hold in Iraq (particularly in Assyria) between the 1st and 3rd centuries, and Assyria became a centre of Syriac Christianity, the Church of the East and Syriac literature. The principal remains are those of Khorsabad, 16 km (10 mi) N.E. Significantly, there have been many of these newspapers in numbers disproportionate to the population of their locations. [126] The 2016 Karrada bombing killed nearly 400 civilians and injured hundreds more. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in late September 2019 as rallies to protest corruption, unemployment, and public service failures turned violent. Hammurabi conquered the whole of southern and central Iraq, as well as Elam to the east and Mari to the west, then engaged in a protracted war with the Assyrian king Ishme-Dagan for domination of the region, creating the short-lived Babylonian Empire. After the capture of Baghdad, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. [206], The UN estimates that oil accounts for 99% of Iraq's revenue. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [244] More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the 2003 US-led invasion. Most politically unstable country with King Faisal died a year later in 1933 with his son and Belshazzar... Are written with versions of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps the Jew Salima Pasha ( later Salima Murad.. Areas became impossible to curb secular and enjoy close ties with Britain, to. Article 1 of civil Code also identifies Islamic law as a major Centre of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath party 1968. 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