PubMed  The white-lipped peccary plays an important ecological role in Central American tropical forests. The chacoan peccary is another one of the peccary species and was … When facing a novel environment and risk challenges from humans’ predator-like cues, the white-lipped peccary showed more exploratory and defensive threat/attack behavioral patterns, shorter flight initiation distances, and lower flight speeds, whereas the collared peccaries showed more cautious and retreat patterns, longer flight initiation distances, and higher flight speeds. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en Accessed 10 Feb 2016, Herborn KA, Heidinger BJ, Alexander L, Arnold KE (2014) Personality predicts behavioural flexibility in a fluctuating, natural environment. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 145–158, Wingfield JC (2013) Biology of environmental stress: behavioral endocrinology and variation in the ability to cope with novel environments. Some have even killed animals like jaguars when trying to defend themselves. 1). Photo by Alexine Keuroghlian Peccaries can grow up to 130 cm and weigh about 32 kg. They change the forest floor by trampling in huge herds of 20-300 individuals, a unique phenomenon in the Amazon. It got its name because of the white fur around its mouth, chin and lower cheek. When facing a novel environment and risk challenges from humans’ predator-like cues, the white-lipped peccary showed more exploratory and defensive threat/attack behavioral patterns, shorter flight initiation distances, and lower flight speeds, whereas the collared peccaries showed more cautious and retreat patterns, longer flight initiation distances, and higher flight speeds. This study was under the auspices of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/PROCAD-NF #794-2009) and UESC. Peccaries have large sharp canines … Download premium images you can't get anywhere else. Behaviour: T. pecari live in large packs, frequently numbering up to 100 to 200 animals of both sexes (182, 286, 315, 336, 382). It is found in Costa Rica and southern America. Oryx 35:137–144, Dall SRX, Houston AI, McNamara JM (2004) The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective. Loss of habitat can lead to exposure for poachers, who can easily kill many peccaries at one time. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). White-lipped peccaries have several unique attributes that allow them to stay with and identify their herd, which is essential for their survival in the wild. Stay at the Tambopata Research Center lodges: This extremely secluded jungle lodge lies inside the Tambopata National Reserve.Its healthy, isolated rainforest location means giant herds of White-Lipped Peccary roam around all the time! Feeding habits: Primarily vegetarian, they snuffle through the leaf litter and surface soil around tree trunks in search of food. The white-Lipped peccary lives to be around 13 years old and can give birth to two young at a time. NEW WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY (TAYASSU PECARI) RECORDS ... 14 Cuddeback Attack IR (Non Typical, Inc., De Pere, WI) and 6 LTL Acorn 5210 A (Old-Boys Outdoors, Stone Mountain, GA) digital Generally, a period of fruit shortage occurs during the end of the wet season, so the consumption of secondary foods, such as leaves, stems, and animal parts, is increased. If this resource is in demand and difficult to find, peccaries eat leaves, stems, or animal parts. It has white markings that start below the snout and run to the cheek area just below the eyes.[3]. In the dry season, the model with the highest posterior probability (model 2, dry season, Table 1) suggests that the presence of feral pig influenced the occurrence of white-lipped peccary, but not of collared peccary (Likelihood ratio test Model l … data). In addition, we do not expect to find individual … This … [citation needed]. Peres, unpubl. Named for the white area around the mouth, its range is limited to Central and South America, where forest and scrub are the primary habitats. Arch Latinoam Prod Anim 20:77–83, Nersesian CL, Banks PB, McArthur C (2012) Behavioural responses to indirect and direct predator cues by a mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum. We used an adapted paradigm of the mouse defense test battery (MDTB) comprising four consecutive tests. White-lipped peccaries are omnivores feeding on fruits, nuts, vegetation, and small amounts of animal matter. White-lipped peccary Animal. This is essential when warding off predators such as the jaguar, because it may not attack when 200 peccaries are in a herd. They have white markings that start below the snout and run to the cheek area just below the eyes. In 2013, the Park experienced a sudden gold rush that … Adults have a faint black stripe on their backs, which is more visible in young animals. This web page is to introduce the actual peccary: our … In this study, the INP will be referred as the area without wild pig and with white-lipped peccary, and PRNH as the area with wild pig and without white-lipped peccary. We investigated the possible functions of peccaries’ grunt-like calls and their relationship to the individuals’ social rank, identity, and sexual … When these animals roam in their range land, they can be very loud, clattering their teeth and grunting to one another to communicate and stay within the herd. Ambush predators rely on stealth to successfully secure prey. [2][3] Their color is generally brown or black. Neurosci Biobehav R 25:577–586, Keuroghlian A, Eaton DP, Longland WS (2004) Area use by white-lipped and collared peccaries (Tayassu pecari and Tayassu tajacu) in a tropical forest fragment. Kiltie and Terborgh (1983) point out that the large, nomadic herds of the White-lipped Peccary are unique. The zoo staff of every zoo where I do research warns me NEVER to set foot inside a peccary pen. According to Lopez-Mendoza (1995), the vegetation of the region … It has extremely sharp canines that sharpen against each other every time the animal closes its mouth (like a pair of scissors). It Selene S. C. Nogueira. Their basic diet consists of an array of seeds and fruits, but they also eat roots and other … Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25:597–609, Fragoso JMV (1998) Home range and movement patterns of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) herds in the northern Brazilian amazon. [1] It lives in herds of 20–300 individuals that on average take up about 120 km 2 to fully function. The white-lipped peccary is native to Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. So it is logical that we will have peccary characters in our Mayan comics and eventual MayanToons animated films. The range lands of peccaries are massive due to the large number of individuals within the herd. But, at least for the collared peccary, I know for decades that they easily adapt to living … than the white-lipped peccary (0.18, 95% CI = 0.08 0.33). The face is long and ends with a pig-like nasal disc. Behav Ecol 15:433–437, Peres AC (2001) Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazon forest vertebrates. Since the white-lipped peccary relies heavily on fruit, they travel to where the fruit and other essential resources are located. Fruit is more abundant in primary forests rather than secondary or coastal forests, so their populations are more dense in these regions. To assess seed removal of Araucaria, … Corcovado National Park, in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica, is the last remaining stronghold for the white-lipped peccary in the country. Peccaries have a round body with a long snout. The two main threats to their survival are deforestation and hunting. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Google Scholar, Beck H, Thebpanya P, Filiaggi M (2010) Do Neotropical peccary species (Tayassuidae) function as ecosystem engineers for anurans? Annu Rev Psychol 39:43–68, CAS  Sexual maturity is reached between one and two years old. Their coat is bristly and hairs that run down the spine make a crest, which stands up when the peccary becomes excited. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is a peccary found in Central and South America. The home range for the peccary is from 60–200 km (23–77 sq mi) in the Peruvian Amazon. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 66:47–55, Nogueira SSC, Macedo J, Sant’ Anna A, Nogueira-Filho SLG, da Costa MJR P (2015) Assessment of temperament traits of white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) and collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) during handling in a farmed environment. They roam in extremely large herds, up to 500 or even 1000 individuals. They are known to be aggressive when cornered or feel threatened. It can spend up to two-thirds of its day travelling and feeding. The breeding season follows the fruiting season, so the variability can be consistently different in each different region where they are found. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 61:9–16, Byers JA, Bekoff M (1981) Social, spacing and cooperative behavior of collared peccary. Conserv Biol 15:1490–1505, Price TD, Qvarnström A, Irwin DE (2003) The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution. They are a good indicator of the health of a forest, because they live in such large herds and in large areas. The sex ratio within herds is about 1.4–1.8 females per male. The white-lipped peccary is a diurnal feeder, and it performs all of its activities during the day, more specifically in the mornings and afternoons. Today confined to desolate areas of primary forests. filter by provider show all … Evol Appl 4:367–387, Article  n: IUCN 2012. The White-Lipped Peccary is a small pig-like mammal that makes its home in the rainforests of Central and South America. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41778A44051115.en Accessed 10 Feb 2016, Keuroghlian A, Santos MCA, Eaton DP (2015) The effects of deforestation on white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) home range in the southern Pantanal. The white-lipped peccary is an ungulate that lives in dense Neotropical forests in mixed-sex and stable herds numbering in the ... in our study we also expect higher-ranking individuals to demonstrate willingness to counter-attack in a stronger manner than lower-ranking individuals, using longer, noisier and lower-frequency calls , . Herein, we present three unique cases of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) mobbing jaguars (Panthera onca) in the wild. Mammalia 70:491–497, Kiltie RA (1980) Seed predation and group size in rain forest peccaries. acta ethol 20, 127–136 (2017). Nogueira-Filho were supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq Processes 303743/2013-1 and #303589/2015-9), respectively. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is facing range-wide declines throughout the Neotropics. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is a large-sized Neotropical ungulate (30e50 kg) that represents an important source of subsistence protein … Peccary, like jaguars, are symbolic of the Mayan culture. They are the only large neotropical mammal found in large herds. They communicate with olfactory, acoustic, and physical contact to keep together in the herd. -You say everyone else won't understand you, seemingly indirectly saying that we are all too stupid, and you with your lone opinion is right. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10211-017-0256-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10211-017-0256-5, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in It is about 3 ft (1 m) long and weighs about 66 lb (30 kg). There were also correlations between physiological and behavioral parameters. Google Scholar, Blanchard RJ, Yang M, Li C, Gervacio A, Blanchard DC (2001) Cue and context conditioning of defensive behaviors to cat odor stimuli. volume 20, pages127–136(2017)Cite this article. Often, peccaries can be smelled before seen because they give off a skunk-like odor. In panels b and c, the contrast of the photographs was altered to improve image quality. The head and body length ranges from 90–139 cm (35–55 in), the shoulder height is between 40 and 60 cm (16 and 24 in), the tail length is from 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in), and the adult weight is 25–40 kg (55–88 lb). Natural predators include the jaguar and puma. Selene S.C. Nogueira and Sérgio L.G. Facts About White Lipped Peccary. Ten Facts About The White-lipped Peccary. Behavior The white-lipped peccary is a diurnal feeder, and performs all of its activities during the day, more specifically in the mornings and afternoons. Anim Behav 85:1127–1133, Wolf M, Van Doorn GS, Leimar O, Weissing FJ (2007) Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Citation styles. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), is a hog-like animal found in Central and South America. Average life span: Experts believe that wild collared peccaries can survive … To conserve white-lipped peccaries in Mesoamerica, transboundary efforts will be needed that focus on both forest conservation and … The white-lipped peccary lives to be around 13 years old and can give birth to two young at a time. The white-lipped peccary ( Tayassu pecari) is a classic example of an ecological engineer. White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) This is a terrestrial mammal, which can travel in flocks of 50 to 300 individuals — initially distributed throughout the country. Two cases of mobbing were recorded by video camera trap during routine surveys, and a third case … Biol Conserv 120:421–425, Keuroghlian A, Desbiez A, Reyna-Hurtado R, Altrichter M, Beck H, Taber A, Fragoso, JMV (2013) Tayassu pecari. The sex ratio within herds is about … White-lipped peccaries, an extremely aggressive species . A southern relative to the collared peccary (better known in the US as “javelina”), the white lipped peccary ranges in the rainforests of Mexico, Central and South America. The white-lipped peccary, also known as bush hog, wild hog and white-jawed peccary, is native to Central and South America. Amer Nat 30:441–451, Article  Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 255–261, Ticktin T (2003) Relationships between El Niño–Southern Oscillations and demographic patterns in a substitute food for collared peccaries in Panama. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) lives in stable hierarchical mixed-sex groups and like non-human primates, usually emits grunt-like calls following aggressive interactions, mainly during feeding contexts. Weight: An adult Peccary is weighs anywhere between 20-40 kg (44-88 lb). If so, … The white-lipped peccary can breed throughout the year depending on location. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. One thinks of the Savior's words "lest they turn again and rend you"! Article  They maintain contact with the herd by making a low moaning sound and will alert or intimidate others by proclaiming a loud “bark”[3] and show their teeth in an attempt to avoid conflict. It is about 20 in (50 cm) high at the shoulder and weighs about 50 lb (23 kg). The breeding season is extremely variable and consists of two distinct peaks in areas such as Costa Rica, one occurring in February and one in July. Herds can number 20–300, including both males and females; some reports have described herds reaching 2,000 peccaries. Most of its range is in rainforests, but it is also known from a wide range of other habitats such as dry forests, grasslands, mangrove, Cerrado, and dry xerophytic areas. The third species, the Chacoan peccary (Catagonus … Aline M. Reis and Stefane G. Marsaro were supported by the CAPES and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB), respectively. 2 ed. The sex ratio within herds is about 1.4–1.8 females per male. -You attack dog people before anyone even commented. -You talk about Cougars in a Peccary match up. The white-lipped peccary is considered to be the most dangerous of all the peccaries. This species will form herds numbering 50 to 2000. The region is flat, with an elevation of 0-5 in asl. Herds can number 20–300, including both males and females; some reports have described herds reaching 2,000 peccaries. Biotropica 30:458–469, Gongora J, Reyna-Hurtado R, Beck H, Taber A, Altrichter M and Keuroghlian A. Neurosci Biobehav R 29:1255–1263, Schmidt KA (2006) Non-additivity among multiple cues of predation risk: a behaviorally-driven trophic cascade between owls and songbirds. Although the white- lipped peccary is an especially dangerous adver- sary, it is certainly no more so than the wild pro- genitors of the Old World domesticated hog (Sus scrofa). In: Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (eds) Handbook of the mammals of the world: hoofed mammals, vol 2. Features / Columnists, Interesting Creatures in Guyana. The white-lipped peccary is a diurnal feeder, and it performs all of its activities during the day, more specifically in the mornings and afternoons. The two main threats to … The coat is bristly, with the hairs running down the spine growing longer than the sides and forming an crest which is raised when the peccary becomes excited. Sexual maturity is reached between one and two years old. In: Aguirre AA, Sukumar R (eds) Tropical conservation: perspectives on local and global priorities. We confirmed our hypothesis that the collared peccary’s cautiousness may help to prevent a decrease in its population, while the white-lipped peccary’s exploratory and confrontational behavioral patterns in overhunted areas, together with other simultaneous factors as forest fragmentation, might contribute to placing this species in the vulnerable category. Gen Comp Endocrinol 190:156–163, Coradello MA, Morais RN, Roper J, Spercoski KM, Massuda T, Nogueira SSC, Nogueira-Filho SLG (2012) Validation of a fecal glucocorticoid metabolite assay for collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). White lipped peccary at AutoSafari Chapin . IUCN List of Threatened Species. PubMed Central  We are also grateful to all the staff of the Applied Ethology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. show all Breton Catalan; Valencian German English Esperanto Spanish; Castilian Basque French Galician Guarani Italian Korean Lithuanian Nan Dutch; Flemish Polish Portuguese Quechua Russian Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Chinese. Herds can number 20–300, including both males and females; some reports have described herds reaching 2,000 peccaries. Anim Behav 85:1113–1126, Montes-Perez RC, Kuri-Melo L, Mukul-Yerves JM, Segura-Correa JC, Centurión Castro FG (2012) Effects of two space allowances on cortisol levels, agonistic behavior and their relationship with the ovarian cycle of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) in captivity. White Lipped Peccary Tayassu pecari (Link 1795) collect. 2011. acta ethologica This social ungulate species is considered vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Keuroghlian et al., 2013) and recognised to be an … It has been eliminated from about 89% of its historical range in Costa Rica. 1. Peccary (and jaguars, deer, and spider monkeys) are frequently shown in vase paintings on ceramics. white-lipped peccary, Tayassu pecari (hereafter, WLP) form one of the largest herds of any large-bodied tropical forest mam-mal, with group sizes in the Amazon exceeding 1200 animals (C.A. There are two species, collared peccary, Pecari tajacu and the slightly larger white–lipped peccary, ... Peccary have a reputation of mass attacks on humans who get in their way. Google Scholar, Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2003) The mouse defense test battery: pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Everything you need to know about White Lipped Peccary in Belize. The white-lipped peccary was the only species that received a Critically Endangered classification for the Atlantic forest. Science 320:800–803, Cockrem JF (2013) Corticosterone responses and personality in birds: individual variation and the ability to cope with environmental changes due to climate change. These are the New World's native wild boars: the peccaries. The fruiting season dictates most of their behavior. Babies usually weigh about 1 kg (2.2 lb) at birth. We used a judgement bias test to investigate whether captive peccaries that had recently experienced a trapping event made more ‘pessimistic’ decisions under ambiguity. The white-lipped peccary’s anti-predator strategy is somewhat unusual, involving mass attack of the predator, apparently in response to behaviour of the dominant group leader . These peccaries live in herds of… Google Scholar, Sowls, LK (1997). J Mammal 62:767–785. The two main threats to their survival are deforestation and hunting. The body is rounded and barrel-like, and the legs are long and slender. The white-lipped peccary is a diurnal feeder, and it performs all of its activities during the day, more specifically in the mornings and afternoons. We were eventually surrounded by 30-40 of them and they were NOT friendly. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) lives in stable hierarchical mixed-sex groups and like non-human primates, usually emits grunt-like calls following aggressive interactions, mainly during feeding contexts. Science 34:1353--1354, Mason GJ (2010) Species differences in responses to captivity: stress, welfare and the comparative method. PubMed  Herein, we present three unique cases of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) mobbing jaguars (Panthera onca) in the wild. But there is no need to feel scared of them. [1] An example ecoregion of occurrence is the Belizean pine forests. Texas A&M University Press, Arizona, Taber A, Altrichter M, Beck H, Gongora J (2011) The Tayassuidae. The defensive behavioral patterns of captive white-lipped and collared peccary (Mammalia, Tayassuidae): an approach for conservation of the species. Maximum longevity: 28.5 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born specimen was still alive in captivity aged at least 28.5 years (Richard Weigl 2005). Such bold exploratory and anti-predator behavioural traits may not to be adaptive in high-risk areas. Two of these tests simulated a novel environment, while the other two stimulated the expression of defensive behavioral patterns. Interesting Creature… White-lipped peccary. As mentioned before, this is a very aggressive species. Collared peccaries are known as javelinas. Antipredator defense in birds and mammals. Cabassu Y (2010) Impacts of indigenous subsistence hunting on wildlife abundance in the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras. lipped peccary; b, 5 white-lipped peccaries, including 2 offspring; c, 3 white-lipped peccaries; d, white-lipped peccary. Most of its range is in rainforests, but it is also known from a wide range of other habitats such as dry forests, grasslands, mangrove, Cerrado and dry xerophytic areas. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. White-lipped peccaries and jaguars co-occur within the study area, a large-scale ecotourism and working cattle ranch in the Brazilian Pantanal. The white-lipped peccary, Tayassu pecari (hereafter, WLP) form one of the largest herds of any large-bodied tropical forest mammal, ... For example, the carcasses of domestic animals are often reportedly poisoned as a means to reduce depredation attacks by carnivores. In: IUCN 2013. As the hunting and slaughter of wild animals other than for subsistence is illegal in Brazil (Law … J Trop Ecol 26:407–414, Beckerman AP, Wieski K, Baird DJ (2007) Behavioural versus physiological mediation of life history under predation risk. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Baldwin MJ (1896) A new factor in evolution. Javelinas and other peccaries: their biology, management and use. Credit: Apolinar Basora White-lipped peccaries have declined by as much as 87% to 90% from their historical range in Central America, signaling a population collapse of a key species in the region, according to a study published recently in the journal Biological Conservation . The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is an endangered species whose bold anti-predator behaviour in comparison to related species may increase its vulnerability to hunting and predation. [3], The white-lipped peccary is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN[1] and listed on Appendix II on CITES. Part of Springer Nature. [citation needed] They thrive in dense, humid, tropical forests, and can also be found in a wide range of other habitats such dry forests, grasslands, mangrove, Cerrado, and dry xerophytic areas. The white-lipped peccary's gregarious and nomadic habits make it particularly difficult to estimate population densities. The white lipped peccary is the most dangerous and most aggressive member among the others in their family. The breeding season(s) of the white-lipped peccary are highly variable depending on location. So point of the matter, to avoid derail. White-lipped peccaries have a scent gland on their backs, which emits a scent, allowing a strong bond between members of the herd. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:1433–1440, Reyna-Hurtado R, Beck H, Altrichter M, Chapman CA, Bonnell TR et al (2016) What ecological and anthropogenic factors affect group size in white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari)? White-lipped peccary: | | The |white-lipped peccary| (|Tayassu pecari|), is a hog-like animal found in Cent... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. [1], The white-lipped peccary is a diurnal feeder, and it performs all of its activities during the day, more specifically in the mornings and afternoons. Today there are four living species of peccaries, found from the southwestern United States through Central America and into South America and Trinidad. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. There … The Collared Peccary is also … They are between 1.5 and 2.5 feet at the shoulder and weigh between 66-88 pounds. A second species, the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), is mainly found in rainforests of Central and South America, but also known from a wide range of other habitats such as dry forests, grasslands, mangrove, cerrado, and dry xerophytic areas. Mobbing is a rarely observed anti-predation strategy used by group-living prey species whereby several individuals distract or harass a predator until it either ends the pursuit or leaves the area. Herds can number 20–300, including both males and females; some reports have described herds reaching 2,000 peccaries. Front Behav Neurosci 4:1–9, Brown GE, Rive-Maud AC, Ferrari CO, Chivers DP (2006) The dynamic nature of antipredator behavior: prey fish integrate threat-sensitive antipredator responses within background levels of predation risk. Applied Ethology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil, Selene S. C. Nogueira, Aline M Reis, Stefane G. Marsaro, Viviana Moreto, Stella G. C. Lima, Thaise S. O. Costa & Sérgio L G Nogueira-Filho, São Paulo State University/Jaboticabal Campus, Rodovia de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil, You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Size: They normally measure 90 to 130 cm (3-4.3 ft). Zeit Tierpsychology 62:241–255, Licona M, McCleery R, Collier B, Brightsmith DJ, Lopez R (2011) Using ungulate occurrence to evaluate community-based conservation within a biosphere reserve model. The white-lipped peccary is restricted to lowland forests, but the collared peccary is still a common animal nearly throughout Mexico. T. pecari may breed throughout the year, for example in Mexico and Suriname, or may have a strictly defined breeding season dependent on food resources (Mayer and Wetzel, 1987; Schmidt, 1990).