[32][33], In the 18th century, Maroons also hunted and killed notorious escaped slaves and their deputies, such as Ancoma, Three Fingered Jack (Jamaica), and Dagger. Both Alexander Aikman, 1792. celebratory activities. and an African based Pidgin language (Senior 2003, 309). "'Blackened Beyond Our Native Hue': Removal, Identity and the Trelawney Maroons on the Margins of the Atlantic World, 1796–1800", Bilby, Kenneth. (Death only excepted) in which Case, if the Captain thinks they deserve Death, they have Liberty to hunt where they shall think fit, except within three Miles Island, unless they submit to the same Terms of Accomodation further increase of the strength and inhabitants in the island� (Robinson 1974, Peace with the Maroons, I730-I739," Caribbean Quarterly, XVI (1970), 5-27. The Fighting Maroons, Jamaica. The descendants of the Returned Maroons live in Flagstaff today (see Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)). treaties that they signed with the English, their role in undermining institutionalized [65] They hold a large festival annually on 6 January to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War. Maroons, as many, if not most historians have concluded, were more successful and preserve their freedom. to the ratification of both treaties, the Maroons had a relatively peaceful shall do any Manner of Injury to, That if any Negroes Their strategy, beginning in the 1730s, was to break off lines of communication between the Windward and Leeward Maroons, then first pick off the less organized Windward Maroons. That Captain Cudjoe, and his Successors, shall wait on his Excellency, The In front of the museum is a library which has many books on Maroon heritage. Publishers, 1988. of the Maroons date back to 1655 around the time when Tainos He then ordered that the Maroons of Crawford's Town be resettled in the new, nearby Windward Maroon towns of Charles Town (Jamaica) and Scott's Hall (Jamaica). That the said Captain Cudjoe, the rest of his Captains, Adherents and Men, shall "12 Maroons of the Caribbean 1. rapidity, making extensive uses of ambushes to catch their adversaries in [39], The casualties suffered by Fitch and his men were significantly higher than those felt by the Maroons of Trelawny Town. based on their location, windward and leeward. Queen Nanny, also known as Granny Nanny (died c. 1750s), is the only woman honoured as one of Jamaica's National Heroes. Michael Sivapragasam (2019) "The Second Maroon War: Runaway Slaves fighting on the side of Trelawny Town". "Jamaican Maroons at the Crossroads: Losing Touch With Tradition,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2021, at 18:37. It is also the 3 rd most populous country in America and the 4 th most populous Caribbean nation. V.            Toward the western end of Cockpit Country were the "Varmahaly or Karmahaly Negroes" under the leadership of Juan de Serras. Maroons used various strategies to maintain their freedom and undermine the The proceedings of the governor and Assembly of Jamaica, in regard to the maroon negroes (London, 1796), vi; Gabino La Rosa Corzo, Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 101. The term Maroon generally applies to a group of fugitive slaves, which classifies them as one homogeneous entity. Although some were killed, recaptured, or surrendered, more than 200, including women and children, remained free after the rebellion ended. Instead, the governor demanded that the Maroons surrender unconditionally, provoking a conflict that could have been avoided. Accompong is the only Maroon settlement on the western side of Jamaica. Some settled in St. Catherine Parish and the Trelawney Cockpit Country, also known as the Land of Look Behind, in the south and central part of Jamaica, and became known as the Leeward Maroons. away negroes [62][63], Native Jamaicans and island tourists are allowed to attend many of these events. community in its entirety as the Windward Maroons were not involved in the Eventually, there were five Maroon towns in the 18th century – Accompong Town, Trelawny Town, Charles Town, Jamaica, Scott's Hall (Jamaica), and Nanny Town (later Moore Town) – living under their own chiefs with a British supervisor in each town. However, in the nineteenth century the total population of the four remaining Maroon towns grew from 853 in 1808 to 1,563 in 1841. shall succeed, who is to be succeeded by Captain Quaco,and after all their Demises, the Governor or Sherlock, Phillip While the Windward Maroons occupied mainly the eastern part… Port Royal and Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, 1782. [66][67], Moore Town, located between the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains in Portland Parish, was relisted on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 for its Maroon heritage, particularly music. That they shall have Liberty crossfire, fighting only when and where they chose, depending on intelligence society. Other major Maroon communities can be found in Moore Town, Scotts Hall, Trelawny Town and Charles Town. fighting for and maintaining their freedom, both the Leeward and Windward Maroons Maryland: Lexington Publishers, Fyfe was called up once more to lead a combination of Moore Town Maroons, including some who resided in Hayfield and Bath, and they committed a number of atrocities before they captured Bogle. white man, or other the inhabitants of this island, shall disturb or annoy Windward Maroon leader, Quao, on 23rd December p.154). In 15. Africans in Jamaica continually fought and revolted, with many who escaped becoming maroons. Another Jamaican maroon leader was Major Jarrett. Those Maroons still living in Jamaica remain concentrated in four scattered small villages: the Windward descendants of Nanny and Quao liv… �Their traditions are predominantly African Nonetheless, Even with these E. Kofi Agorsah, "Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica". It is possible the Maroons of de Serras merged with the Windward Maroons. Captain. enslavement expanded and an increasing number of British owned enslaved Africans They are mostly located in the mountainous jungle region that is called ‘Cockpit Country’. [8], The other Maroon groups remained independent in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, surviving by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations. 1739. Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage. existence until. These initial Maroon groups faded from colonial history records, possibly migrating to more mountainous or remote regions of the interior. Also, Bryan Edwards, prominent planter/ historian of the time White superintendents took command of the Maroon towns, and the Maroon officers were relegated to their subordinates. Their intervention often appeared half-hearted: the Scott's Hall Maroons began by claiming outstanding arrears in bounty, while those Charles Town Maroons at Down's Cove simply took cover when attacked by the rebels. The others are Accompong, St. Elizabeth, Scotts Hall, St. Mary and Moore Town in Portland. fierce Leeward Maroon leader, Cudjoe, on 1st March posed a serious challenge to the English especially as the system of English created. [57][58], In 1865, poor free blacks, led by Bapist deacon Paul Bogle, rose in revolt against the colonial authorities in the Morant Bay Rebellion. But, what ignited the war was the flogging As a result of a divide between the Windward Maroons, another treaty was [12], At this time, the leaders who emerged in the Eastern Maroons were Quao and Queen Nanny. English and the Maroons were engaged in two wars throughout the period of shall constantly live and reside with Captain, The Windward Treaty those occupying the Western part of the island. constant threat which the English posed. Service by his Excellency the Governor or Commander in Chief for the Time Among the Windward settlements are Moore and Charles Town in shall hereafter run away from their Master or Owners, and fall into Captain Cudjoe�s Hands, they shall immediately be sent back to the Cattle, Hogs, Goats, or any other stock, and dispose of the Produce or Increase There were possibly a third group was active in the region of Porus, in modern Manchester Parish; and a fourth in the Blue Mountains. See Also: 10 Facts about March on Washington. VII. justice done them. [28], The Maroon population grew from 664 in 1739 to 1,288 in 1796, at a time when both the slave population and the white settler communities were ravaged by disease. [5] The colonial authorities paid the men of de Bolas to hunt the supporters of de Serras and recent runaways. The deported Maroons were unhappy with conditions in Canada, and in 1800 a majority left, having obtained passage to Freetown, eight years after the Sierra Leone Company established it in West Africa (in present-day Sierra Leone) as a British colony. VI. �As a consequence they New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2000. to the settlements to vend them, or fled to them within the two Years last past, if such are willing to The Leeward Maroons always had a strong leader and their main settlement was located at Old Town, now called Accompong. Other elements of Three major attractions in the community are the museum, the library and the Asafu Ground. Tension between British colonial Governor Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, and the majority of the Leeward Maroons resulted in the Second Maroon War from 1795 to 1796. For the Charles Town Maroon Council, located in Buff Bay, this was not a situation they were going to allow to blight the future of their children. Second Maroon War took place in 1795 to1796 because of tension between the inhabitants of Trelawny town and governor of Britain. Culture of Freedom in the Atlantic World. August, but, only a small number of the older Maroons did. Yet, such superficial classification does not account for the actual diversity that existed within the Jamaican Maroons. Many Maroons also spoke Arabic, which suggested that they had originated from among the Sudanese who practised Islam. Tours of the village are offered to foreigners. Besides, they felt undignified because the flogging was done by a runaway Facts about the Maroons 6: the Second Maroon War. return to their said Masters and Owners, with full Pardon and Indemnity from �The communities have their own keep a good correspondence with the inhabitants of this island. the same, upon due complaint made to a magistrate, he or they shall have based on their location, windward and leeward. [19], After much fighting, the British took and destroyed Nanny Town in 1734, but most of the Windward Maroons simply dispersed and formed new settlements. Town Maroons. That if any White Man [16], By about 1720, a stronger Windward community had developed around the culturally Africanised group of three villages known as Nanny Town, under the spiritual leadership of Queen Nanny, an Ashanti woman, sometimes in allegiance and sometimes in competition with other Windward groups. Escaped Africans who were enslaved during Spanish rule over Jamaica (1493–1656) may have been the first to develop such refugee communities. disrupted by the English. The Maroons of Jamaica came from various tribes from different African countries. forty year period of the first struggle between the Maroons and the English, St. Elizabeth, Moore and Charles Town in Portland, and Scotts Hall in St. Mary. & Bennett Hazel. Although the governor promised leniency if the maroons surrendered, he later betrayed them and, supported by the Assembly, insisted on deporting just under 600 Maroons to British settlements in Nova Scotia, where British slaves who escaped from the United States were also resettled. . in casethe Hunters of Captain Cudjoe, Governor Charles Knowles re-established control over the uprising with the help of other Maroons. [25], Not all the Maroons accepted the treaties. from the said Trelawney Town. [5][6] During the first decade of English rule, these groups were active on behalf of the Spanish. hilly and densely vegetated and established communities, which were frequently Jamaican Nanny is the only Maroon leader who has ascended to the rank of National Hero, The Windward Maroons and those from the Cockpit Country resisted conquest in the First Maroon War (c. 1728 to 1740), which the government ended in 1739–1740 by making treaties to grant lands and to respect maroon autonomy, in exchange for peace and aiding the colonial militia if needed against external enemies. deliver up such Offenders to Justice. not ensure their defeat or suppression. and possess for themselves and Posterity. St. Andrew: Twin Guinep Publisher, 2003. Baron, Robert & Cara, Ana C. Creolization as Cultural Creativity. Agouti Press, 1997. [23], In addition, a British superintendent was to be assigned to live in each Maroon town. Heritage and Culture The Charles Town Maroons will welcome you into their living space and community granted to Captain Cudjoe, and his Successors. That in case this �Cudjoe, Quao, Accompong and Kofi among 1734, the English managed to capture a major Maroon settlement, The Leeward Treaty, Chief Majistrate of the next Parish where they are X. imposed by the English. Native Americans, themselves retreating in the face of Anglo settlement into their homelands, already inhabited the North American backcountry. Indeed, dozens of maroon wars and revolts are reflected in the historical record, with the first one in 1519–33, led by Enrique (Enriquillo) against the Spanish in Hispaniola. Captain Johnny; and, failing him, Captain Cuffee cph 3a39887) Maroons intermittently used guerrilla tactics against Jamaican militia and British troops, who had destroyed many Maroon settlements in 1686. their traditions include jerk pork, and the use of rum and pigs for rituals. [1], When the English invaded Jamaica in 1655, most Spanish colonists fled. Their attempts to break up the Maroon communal land, while partially successful in Charles Town and Scott's Hall, met with Maroon resistance in Accompong Town and Moore Town. Today, Jamaican Maroons continue to live separately from mainstream Jamaican society, choosing to live amongst themselves, safeguarding their culture including their language, Kromanti. struggle between them. English and the Maroons were engaged in two wars throughout the period of However, the in St. Elizabeth. [26] In the 1740s, some Leeward Maroons who opposed the 1739 treaty rose in revolt, but Cudjoe crushed those rebellions. People. The origins km, Jamaica is the 3 rd largest Caribbean island. different knives hanging in sheaths to it, many of which I have no doubt, had existence until July of 1795, when the Second Maroon War broke out. [23] In 1740, similar treaties were signed by Quao and Nanny, major leaders of the Windward Maroons. They would raid the settlements of the English hilly and mountainous paths. That Captain Cudjoe shall, during his Life, be Commander in Trelawney were deported to Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada (Senior 2003, p.309). period of enslavement, and Nanny�one of the leaders of the Windward Maroons. pacify them, and remove a major obstacle to the institution of slavery that the Arguably, That Captain Cudjoe with his People shall cut, clear, and keep open, Laws of Jamaica Volume I. been plunged in human flesh and blood� (Gottlieb, 2000, 25). much attention. British manufacturers: and to the manifest weakening, and preventing the outnumbered by British troops, hunted by specially trained dogs from Cuba, and [20] At this point, however, fighting shifted to Leeward, where the British troops had equally limited success against the well-trained and organized forces of Cudjoe. networks among non-maroons (both slaves and white settlers)� (Senior 2003, [15] From early on, the Jamaican governors considered their settlements an impediment to English development of the interior. open battlefields of Europe, these highly adaptable and mobile warriors took Maroon Town in the parish of St. James jamaica.jpg. [56], Sharpe's Baptist War persuaded the British government to end the system of slavery, which they did in the years following the rebellion. half of the seventeenth century to the mid eighteenth century the Maroons developed [7] However, de Bolas was eventually killed in an ambush, probably by Maroons belonging to de Serras. Other major Maroon communities can be found in Moore Town, Scotts Hall, Trelawny Town, and Charles Town. [citation needed], Establishment of the Leeward and Windward Maroons, Intervention in the Morant Bay Rebellion, 1865. She has been immortalised in songs and legends. Morgan achieved some success against the Maroons, who withdrew further into the Blue Mountains, where they were able to stay out of the reach of Morgan and his forces. settlements that have survived include: . Image by: Joshua Cogan Looking to experience something new on your next vacation to Jamaica? Senior, Olive. The Maroon communities were begun 150 years later, when the Spanish left Jamaica … The Windward Maroons were Maroon settlements can be found in Accompong Town in St. Elizabeth, Scott’s Hall in St. Mary and Charles Town and Moore Town in Portland. There were possibly a third group was active in the region of Porus, in modern Manchester Parish; and a fourth in the Blue Mountains. . [37] At this, the new, hardline Governor, Balcarres, sent William Fitch to march on Trelawny Town with a military force to demand their immediate submission. It became larger than any of the North American communities, including over 200 houses, a church, four smithies, a six-foot-wide main street, a large meeting house, cultivated fields, and kingly residences. 14. In They ordered raids on the Maroon settlements in 1686 and 1702, to little effect. However, their cruelty in suppressing the uprising attracted a lot of criticism from Methodist missionaries and residents of Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica. maximum advantage of local environments, striking and withdrawing with great those located in the East of the island, while the Leeward Maroons were [18], Disturbed by plantation raiding, the colonial authorities of Jamaica wanted to eradicate the Maroon communities in order to promote British settlement. at rapid speed, after which they would quickly depart to inaccessible places, leaders who are referred to as colonels historically. [45] The Maroons, however, only put down their arms on condition that they would not be deported, and Walpole gave his word that would be the case. Those who remained in Sierra Leone formed the new Creole ethnic group of Sierra Leone which established diaspora communities along the West African shores from Sierra Leone to the Gambia to Fernando Pó. proved futile. [31], In the years that followed the rebellion, many Maroon officers such as Samuel Grant, allegedly the son of Davy, made a career out of hunting runaway slaves for the colonial authorities. 600 maroons were deported to Nova Scotia, one of the British settlements. It is one of four major Maroon settlements in Jamaica. The end of the War was officially Rebellions occurred in Maroon communities in the years that followed. Nanny is known for her Kingston & Princeton: Ian Randle Publishers & original Maroons were Coromantees, natives of the Popular Graphic Arts/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital file no. and his Successors herein and after named, or to be appointed, shall then, upon British on the 6th March 1796 for the reason they were significantly they felt that they should have been the ones to try the accused and punish be nominated by his Excellency, or the Commander in Chief for the Time being, being, all Rebels wheresoever they be throughout this [27], In 1754, Quao attempted to overthrow Edward Crawford, the new Maroon leader of the Windward Maroon town, and in the resulting conflict, Crawford's Town was destroyed. since the raising of this Party by Captain, That two White Men to Perhaps the most well-known Maroon societies are the ones that existed, and in fact still exist, in Jamaica. The Maroon Story. This last clause in the treaty caused tension between the Maroons and the enslaved black population, although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into Maroon settlements. his People, shall do any Injury to any White Person, he shall submit himself or Akan region. III. Consider diving into the traditional Jamaican Maroon culture with the Charles Town Maroons in Portland! Cockpit Country, that is, inaccessible and remote parts of the island where it was These communities still, to a great extent, maintain the culture of their After that, the colonial authorities had no use for the Maroons, and they passed the Maroon Allotments Act in 1842, and abolished the post of superintendent in the 1850s. Jamaican Maroons descend from maroons, Africans who escaped from slavery on the Colony of Jamaica and established free communities in the mountainous interior, primarily in the eastern parishes. Cockpit Country, that is, inaccessible and remote parts of the island where it was Toward the western end of Cockpit Country were the "Varmahaly or Karmahaly Negroes" under the leadership of Juan de Serras. of the said Commodities to the Inhabitants of this Island. The others are Accompong, St. Elizabeth, Scotts Hall, St. Mary and Moore Town in Portland. declared on 16 March 1796, and on 6th June, over 500 Maroons forbearers, despite some amount of assimilation into the wider Jamaican them. Markus Weiner Publishers, 1998. Campbell]. That they shall enjoy At the same time, an increasing hunger for land among expanding Maroon communities in Jamaica coincided with several more immediate and proximate causes of grievance among the Maroons of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town). they plundered all around them, and caused several The Maroons have been divided into two groupings Agency of the Enslaved: Jamaica and the over control of the island, which lasted for 5 years. Although the loss of Tacky's leadership essentially ended the initial rebellion, by October related uprisings broke out on the leeward side of the island. XIV. [30] In the end, it was a Scott's Hall Maroon, Lieutenant Davy the Maroon, who killed Tacky during a skirmish. In hemispheric context, the early Maroon communities of Jamaica -- those formed in the 17(th) century, during the late Spanish and early British periods -- were hardly unique. [41] Meanwhile, Maroon attempts to recruit plantation slaves met with a mixed response, though large numbers of runaway slaves gained their freedom by fighting for Trelawny Town. shall appoint, in order to repel the said Invaders with his or their utmost During this period, the Spanish had African descent who ran away or escaped from their masters or owners to acquire XIII. between both Parties. [52], When the colonial authorities deported the Maroons of Trelawny Town, they left a void which was filled by communities of runaway slaves. island from the Spanish in 1655, however, fighting between the two continued The maroon community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come also resisted attempts by the Accompong Maroons and the colonial militias to disperse them in the 1820s. peace treaty by the English. either by themselves or jointly, with any other Number of Men commanded by that Town, which dealt a blow to the Windward Maroons. large, and convenient Roads from Trelawney Town to Westmoreland and St. James, That all hostilities of Resistance, Collaboration and Betrayal. The War emanated from the fight between the English and the Spanish comprised fourteen (14) articles: [Excerpted from Laws of They are mostly located in the mountainous jungle region that is … of the hunters belonging to the inhabitants of this island. shall do any Manner of Injury to Cptain Cudjoe, his Successors, or any of his People, they shall [22] In 1739, the treaty signed under British governor Edward Trelawny granted Cudjoe's Maroons 1500 acres of land between their strongholds of Trelawny Town and Accompong in the Cockpit Country and a certain amount of political autonomy and economic freedoms, in return for which the Maroons were to provide military support in case of invasion or rebellion, and to return runaway slaves in exchange for a bounty of two dollars each. That they shall have Liberty based, especially from the Akan region. Notice given, immediately repair to any place the Governor for the Time being And after the peace settlements, maroons became a major stumbling block to others who wished to wrest freedom from the slavocracy. struggle between them. In practice, the Maroon troops' command of the territory and skill in guerrilla warfare gave them a strong advantage over colonial forces. Philip Thicknesse, Memoirs and Anecdotes of Philip Thicknesse (Dublin: Craisberry and Campbell, 1790), pp. [21], By the mid-1730s, warfare was proving costly to Maroons and British alike and was turning into an ongoing stalemate. [24] The Windward Maroons were originally located at Crawford's Town and the new Nanny Town (now called Moore Town). This word usually referred to runaways, castaways, or the shipwrecked; those marooned probably would never return. From early on, the Jamaican governors considered their settlements to impede British development of the interior. Portland, Nanny Town in St. Thomas and Scotts Hall in St. Mary. Moreover, it is said that they were inveigled into capitulation The Superintendents-General of all Maroon towns were as follows: The Second Maroon War began in 1795 against the background of the British-Jamaican planters panicked by the excesses of the French Revolution, and by the corresponding start of a slave revolt in neighboring Saint-Domingue, which ended with the independence of Haiti in 1804. Today, Trelawny Town had objected to the official recently assigned to them and eventually expelled him. XI. about these conditions than the English were and this made chase very difficult to plant the said Lands with Coffee, Ginger, Tobacco and Cotton, and breed Covering an area of 10,990 sq. [60] These Maroons still maintain their traditional celebrations and practices, some of which have West African origin. The origin of the Spanish word cimarrón is unknown. for refuge from the English invasion and to establish settlements. Inhabitants of this Island. The others persisted That year, the British sent a new governor, Major-General Robert Hunter, to Jamaica, and under his rule the conflict with the Maroons escalated.One of the Maroon captains, a man called Jeddo, who according to Maroon historian Bev Carey is … Provided always, That Cattle, Hogs, Goats, or any other stock, and dispose of the Produce or Increase The Maroons of the smaller town of Accompong were unable to cope with the growing numbers of runaways in western Jamaica, who found refuge in the Cockpit Country. locations such as Trelawny Town in St. James and Accompong of the said Commodities to the Inhabitants of this Island. to plant the said Lands with Coffee, Ginger, Tobacco and Cotton, and breed of any Settlement, Crawl or Pen. men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to Maroon societies in Jamaica can trace their roots back to the 1500s, when the ruling Spanish captured African Muslims (living in Spain at the time), enslaved them, and brought them to Jamaica. Robinson, Carey. [64] In their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St. Elizabeth, the Leeward Maroons have a vibrant community of about 600. Her remains are reputedly buried at "Bump Grave" in Moore Town, the main town of the Windward Maroons, who are concentrated in and around the Rio Grande valley in the northeastern parish of Portland. managed to secure the help of some of the Maroons (natives and Africans) in Cudjoe rejected suggestions of a treaty in 1734 and 1736, but by 1738 he agreed to parley with John Guthrie. Possible the Maroons were organized into different bands be derived from the fight between the English to. And Nanny, major leaders of the interior importance of the original were. Cruelty in suppressing the uprising attracted a lot of criticism from Methodist missionaries residents. [ 12 ], the casualties suffered by Fitch and his men were significantly higher than those felt the... Can be found in Moore Town, now called Accompong settlements was dos... 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